Diabetes
Definition:
"Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it's an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It's also your brain's main source of fuel. If you have diabetes, no matter what type, it means you have too much glucose in your blood, although the causes may differ. Too much glucose can lead to serious health problems." (Mayo Clinic, 2015).
There are many types of diabetes, including Type 1, Type 2, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes, which can be found under "Characteristics" below.
"Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it's an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It's also your brain's main source of fuel. If you have diabetes, no matter what type, it means you have too much glucose in your blood, although the causes may differ. Too much glucose can lead to serious health problems." (Mayo Clinic, 2015).
There are many types of diabetes, including Type 1, Type 2, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes, which can be found under "Characteristics" below.
Facts and Statistics: (Statistics About Diabetes, 2015)
Diabetes by Race/Ethnicity Causes: Type 1 diabetes is caused by the body's immune system destroying insulin making cells, but the direct cause in unclear. It is thought to be caused by both genetic risk factors and environmental factors, including a theory supporting roots from viruses. It is impossible to prevent or cure type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is thought to be caused by genetics and lifestyle, and risk increases as the individual gets older as well as through obesity. Ethnic and racial groups at higher risk are American Indians, African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Like type 1 diabetes, type 2 cannot be cured, but can be controlled by monitoring insulin levels. (What causes diabetes?, 2015) |
Characteristics:
Different Types: Prediabetes is a subset of diabetes in which the person's blood sugar level is high, but not high enough to be considered "diabetes." It is a warning sign, because it may develop into diabetes if not treated. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 10% of all individuals with diabetes. In type 1, little to no insulin is produced, and they must take insulin every day from birth. Type 2 diabetes is different from type 1, because the pancreas is able to create the insulin, but the body doesn't use it properly and the body resists effects of insulin. Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops only during pregnancy. 90-95% of all cases of gestational diabetes go away after the baby is born. Babies born to mother's with gestational diabetes are more likely to develop obesity and type 2 diabetes. (Oguejiofo, 2010) According to Ngozi Oguejiofo (2010), "Complications of diabetes may be short-term or long-term. Regardless of how quickly these complications develop, lack of treatment may be life threatening. Short-term complications of diabetes develop quickly and include high blood sugar levels, low blood sugar levels and diabetic ketoacidosis, in which the blood becomes acidic. This condition happens when the body breaks down fat for energy because the cells do not have access to glucose. Long-term complications of diabetes occur because high blood glucose levels damage blood vessels in the body over time. Some of these complications include hypertension (high blood pressure), kidney failure, vision problems and nerve damage. These complications take time to develop." Diagnosis:
According to the National Diabetes Informational Clearinghouse (2014), "Any one of the following tests can be used for diagnosis: · an A1C test, also called the hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c, or glycohemoglobin test · a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test · an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)" Scenarios:
A student with diabetes must leave the classroom to go to the nurse's office to monitor their glucose levels and receive insulin medication at the same time every day. My adaptation based on this student's need is to coordinate this trip with a brain break for the rest of the class so the student does not miss instructional time (Accommodation). A student with diabetes gets tired when they do not maintain the correct blood glucose level and it makes it hard for the student to pay attention to instruction. My adaptation based on this student's need is to allow the student to self-manage their blood glucose levels through eating healthy snacks whenever they feel like they need to. (Modification) |
Adaptations:
· Capable students are allowed to self-manage anywhere, anytime, and keep their diabetes supplies with them. Student is able to leave class when necessary (Modification) · Allow student to eat whenever and wherever necessary, including during lessons (Modification) · Assistance is given to student to maintain insulin levels during inclusion in extracurricular activities, (Accommodation) · Allow students to take extra trips to the bathroom or water fountain. (Accommodation) · Permission for extra absences for medical appointments trips to the nurse's office for insulin. (Accommodation) · Students will be given additional snacks that must be supplied by the parent or guardians. (Accommodation) · Allow student to have longer lunch periods to ensure enough time for nutrition, glucose monitoring, and hydration. (Accommodation) Simulations:
http://www.wcer.wisc.edu/publications/workingpapers/Working_Paper_No_2011_01.pdf (Patterson, 2011) The link above will bring you to a simulation that can help students understand their peers with diabetes and their individual needs. The game described uses a video game called a Tamogotchi. One Tamogotchi game is called "The Diabetic Dog" and it allows students to provide proper care and get rewards at the end of the day. Some things that need to be given to the dog throughout the day include food, insulin, water, and exercise. |
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References:
Bergeson, T. (2015, January 1). Guideline for Care of Students with Diabetes. Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://www.k12.wa.us/healthservices/pubdocs/diabetes/GuidelinesStudentswithDiabetes.pdf
Diabetes Care. (2015, January 1). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/suppl_1/s131.full
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2015, January 1). Diabetes. Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/basics/definition/con- 20033091
National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). (2014, January 1). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/
Oguejiofo, N. (2010, July 22). Characteristics of Diabetes. Retrieved March 1, 2015, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/181972-characteristics-of-diabetes/
Patterson, N. (2011, January 1). Games and Simulations for Diabetes Education. Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://www.wcer.wisc.edu/publications/workingpapers/Working_Paper_No_2011_01.pdf
Section 504 Plan. (2015, January 1). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/parents-and-kids/diabetes-care-at- school/written-care-plans/section-504-plan.html
Statistics About Diabetes. (2015, January 1). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/
What Causes Diabetes? (2015, January 1). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/conditions/diabetes/what_causes_diabetes.htm
Bergeson, T. (2015, January 1). Guideline for Care of Students with Diabetes. Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://www.k12.wa.us/healthservices/pubdocs/diabetes/GuidelinesStudentswithDiabetes.pdf
Diabetes Care. (2015, January 1). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/suppl_1/s131.full
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2015, January 1). Diabetes. Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/basics/definition/con- 20033091
National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). (2014, January 1). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/
Oguejiofo, N. (2010, July 22). Characteristics of Diabetes. Retrieved March 1, 2015, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/181972-characteristics-of-diabetes/
Patterson, N. (2011, January 1). Games and Simulations for Diabetes Education. Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://www.wcer.wisc.edu/publications/workingpapers/Working_Paper_No_2011_01.pdf
Section 504 Plan. (2015, January 1). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/parents-and-kids/diabetes-care-at- school/written-care-plans/section-504-plan.html
Statistics About Diabetes. (2015, January 1). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/
What Causes Diabetes? (2015, January 1). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/conditions/diabetes/what_causes_diabetes.htm